Short Overview Of The Gold Rush - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 292 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Gold Rush Essay Did you like this example? Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The gold rush began on January 24, 1848. Gold was found by james.w.marshall. James found the gold in sutters mill ,California. When people found out there was gold they immediately went to california because people were hungry for gold. About the Gold Rush   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1848 James.wilson.marshall was the first to find gold at sutters mill California. James wanted to keep the gold a secret but,people found out and started gossip and spread the news quickly. When people found out about the gold they moved to California so quickly so they could get gold. When people went to mining camps they found more than 750,000 pounds of gold.  Ã‚   Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Short Overview Of The Gold Rush" essay for you Create order Dangers of the Gold Rush   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lots of people couldnt get rich easy because they got killed.People killed other people to steal their gold. They were very hungry for gold.John sutter who owned sutters mill he died from a heart failure.Over 100,000 people died from heart diseases, and a lot of other diseases. People had a disease called scurvy. Who is Sam Brannan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not a lot of people got rich because people were very rude because they stole from other people and killed the people for there gold. Sam brannan was the first person to become a millionaire. But the first person to find gold was james.w. marshall.Sam brannan was on the newspaper back then.Sam brannan didnt actually dig for gold. But he used his money to build a new house for himself.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The gold rush began on january 24,1848. Gold was found by  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   james.w.marshall. The gold was found in sutters mill,california.The gold rush was important so the people could get rich and buy things they needed.I hope this information was useful for you.

A Research Study On Metacognitive Behavior, Regulation,...

Through the use of a small mathematical modeling group the relationship between metacognition and mathematical problem solving was looked at to understand it more in regards to situations and contexts without prompting by teacher. This article questions how the selections of metacognitive strategies come about. The goal of the study being to characterize contexts and situations that give rise to metacognitive activity. The author states that previous research has shown that good problem solvers engage in metacognitive activity throughout various phases of problem-solving. It is also stated that at the same time research shows there has been little evidence of metacognitive activity of poor problem solvers. Also noted in regards to poor†¦show more content†¦The author questions if good problem solvers consider different metacognitive strategies selecting the best suited for the task, or does it just come natural and they know what to do? It is also discussed that there have also been metacognitive Intervention Studies and Problem-Solving Performance Research on metacognitive activity of expert problem solvers. These studies have been used to identify strategies used by expert problem solvers and instructing other students to improve their mathematical problem –solving skills. Unfortunately, it has been difficult to distinguish if mathematical problem-solving skills improved due to interventions utilizing identified strategies or just by additional exposure to more problem-solving activities. The authors extended a study regarding metacognitive activity looking at mathematical problem solving focusing on metacognitive behaviors by Wilson (2001) and Wilson and Clarke (2002, 2004) utilizing their framework and methodology. Data was collected from three connect cases. Participantss were selected by having mathematics teachers recruit volunteers. 29 students volunteered in which their teachers were asked to respond to a survey that described the individuals’ ability to participate in the study. All the surveys were examined, finding 3 individuals all from one class, which would give a similar knowledge base. The data collected came from a series of video recording and transcripts from

American History X False Portrayls Free Essays

The False Portrayals of American History X By: T. J. Hove American History X is a violent and cruel movie that portrays our country as an undeveloped racist society. We will write a custom essay sample on American History X: False Portrayls or any similar topic only for you Order Now This movie depicts America as a country not yet adjusted to it’s multi-cultural residence. A movie that offers to it’s viewers nothing but images of Neo-Nazi cults and hate crimes, shouldn’t be allowed to be shown. American History X uses incorrect racial treatment, hurtful language, violence, and hate to create a version of America that does not exist. American History X follows a young and very racist boy who is part of a Neo-Nazi cult. The boy has been highly influenced by his older brother, a respected figure in the cult. Both of these characters are played by white males. American History X introduces almost the entire community as cruel Neo-Nazi cult members. Only a few characters are non-racist toward people of color and they all play small roles in the movies plot. By showing such a large community as racist Neo-Nazi cult followers American History X suggests that the white community of America is racist. What they fail to express is that, in reality, racism is handled much better. America has struggled for many years to create a country of equality. Instead of producing a movie that creates an unrealistic version of America, why not produce a movie that properly illustrates today’s society. Vulgar language is used throughout the entire movie. The excessive hurtful language is used to such an amount that it becomes almost a second language. Being exposed to such language for the entire movie’s length, creates a belief that these slurs are common talk amongst American communities. Racial slurs are regarded as one the highest forms of disrespect in actuality. The act of expressing one of these slurs in public can follow with severe punishment. Even the dialogue of American History X leads viewers into believing that communities of America are corrupt and filled with foul speakers. Violence is taken to an extreme in American History X. The movie flashes images of African Americans being killed, Latin Americans being ridiculed at gun point, and Arabian Americans being beaten. These strong hateful images have a strong influence on people. As with the rest of this movie’s negative content, white people are the dealers of violence. American History X shows some sort of violence toward a person of color in nearly every scene. Leading the viewer to believe that the white majority of America is a cruel and ugly people. It would be a lie to say that hate crimes do not still take place in America. Even though these crimes do happen, American History X depicts them with such frequency that the viewer may see them as frequent happenings in reality as well. Above all, American History X expresses hate. Hate is the strongest and most common trait amongst all characters. American History X depicts entire communities full of hate for others. The movies portrayal of hate is hurtful and unrealistic. Incorrect racial treatment, hurtful language, violence, and hate are used in American History X in a way that is harmful to viewers. The images and dialogue of this movie create an illusionary false America. How to cite American History X: False Portrayls, Papers

Prevalent Community Health Issues in UAE for Artistic Heritage

Question: Discuss about thePrevalent Community Health Issues in UAE for Artistic Heritage. Answer: Introduction The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is among the developing countries in Asia that is characterized of transnational population growth that has diverse educational systems, religious practices and artistic heritage, which frequently poses a major challenge in delivery of quality population-based health services. There is quite a big number of public health related issues, which largely pitch into mortality rate in the United Arab Emirates.The innovative public health programs are one among the key-health related issues that is significantly affecting the aggregate population in the UAE. Healthcare sector in the United Arab Emirates has experienced an extensive period of high and rapid growth, which is forecast to continue, driven by the gap between quality, supply, and high demand levels. The increased number of patients visiting the health facilities has increased in the recent years due to the increased in population growth and patients coming from overseas for better treatment. This has put the government of United Arab Emirates under pressure to maintain the quality of healthcare provided in its facilities by embracing technology in service provision without compromising any factor that will lead to poor delivery of services. However, achieving this had been a challenge that is yet to be solved. The health sector has of late had issues to do with innovative public health programs in what has been seen as setting up workable programs to mitigate the increasing health related diseases. To combat this menace in the sector, the UAE government and the ministry of hea lth through the nurses-stakeholders association will have to look at these issues as separate entities that are life threatening and then solve each independently. (Blair, 2011) Cancer infection is the second most common disease causing death worldwide. United Arabs Emirates is among the countries that are heavily affected with this menace with statistics indicating that it is expected to increase by great percentage with women being the most victims of cervical cancer. In 2011, 62 cases of newly women diagnosed of cervical cancer were manifested in Abu Dhabi, with the national figure indication 30% of infection cases. Cancer is said to be most prevalent in many regions around the globe apart from sub-Saharan Africa. Traditionally, the Asian countries most notably in Emirates union, there have been much lower incidences of cancer-related cases than the rest of the Western nations. This is so because over the last four decades, it has evolved gradual in that period mainly because of the relative economic fluctuations, political stability, social changes, and demographic make over that has resulted into an increased life expectancy. Following this positive epi demiological transition, the process has led to saving more lives and even upgrading communal health status. The UAE government performance goal has in the recent past dedicated many of its resources in upgrading overall health care though institutionalized programs, which assist in eradication and prevention of key leading health issues (Sharif, 2012). Therefore, healthcare ministry has a responsibility for licensing of doctors and nurses and market regulation within its control in order to play the pivotal role in establishing, delegating, and delivery of quality healthcare services to all the citizens. However, United Arab Emirates have for a long time faced shortage of nurses because they highly depend on foreign nurses, which can become detrimental to maintain due to the exodus of nurses who leave for these countries in search of better wages and better living standards. The political scenario currently at UAE has invested more to healthcare technological-innovations rather than to new drugs and instruments. This kind of organizational aspect in healthcare is a vital source of some of the most huge opportunity to transform the healthcare sector in way that increases efficiency as well as quality of services but it is also very risky and dangerous at the same time since most patient will end up lacking essential drugs to cure their ailment or reduce effects of the disease hence you will find the mortality rate still high compared to birth rate. Globocan data findings from 2008 clearly depicts that the age-standardized rates for most health occurrence and mortality diseases in the UAE is lower in comparison to Western countries, such as the USA (El Haddad, 2006). Leadership is a main source of opportunity in the healthcare sector in the UAE. It is the main resource of health care system currently devoted in eradicating health issues (such as inadequate medical personnel and equipment) which has been the main cause in raging behind in establishing innovative public health programs. Leadership in UAE has a visionary and supportive government, whose major goal, objectives and concerns coincide. High levels of Innovation are clearly defined as objectives, and the government through its institutions is striving to set objectivity that is common across different health divisions. This thereby creates further chances for alignment and also for capitalizing on the already existing efforts between different entities. The legal framework and ethical issues relating to less effective-innovative public health programs in UAE is another key area that if correctly addressed it would help ease emerging health related problems in the sector (El-Obaid, 2013). Health regulations and several standards for deference to public health procedures should be revised, evaluated, amended and then reviewed frequently. Some of the key aspects in the legal framework such as health scrutiny for new health workers according to UAE and labor laws may assist if only they are reviewed to ensure that they coincide with international current. Lastly, a bipartite approach surrounding educational efforts should coalesce with UAE national legislation and implementation ought to be embraced for particular public health issues, to minimize the mortality attributable thus reducing morbidity and meliorate on survival. (Kubal, 2006) The professional nursing roles and interventions that are relevant and vital to the community health nurse must be followed and adhered to in order to capture maximum service delivery output in UAEs health sector. The major duty of all nurses therefore stagnates at integrate health-promotional and learning activities into their designed duties. "A significant part of the endeavors around this medical issue links up with the particular part of community based nursing practitioners in the essential health service group," and brings up their unique abilities and unwavering quality for instigating acknowledgment and initiating appropriate steps that will improve the healthcare service in United Arabs Emirates. Bibliography ElHaddad, M. (2006). Nursing in the United Arab Emirates: An historical background. ResearchGate, 4(53), 284-289. Loney, T., Cooling, R. F., Aw, T. C. (2012). Lost in translation? Challenges and opportunities for raising health and safety awareness among a multinational workforce in the United Arab Emirates. Safety and health at work, 3(4), 298-304. Loney, T., Aw, T. C., Handysides, D. G., Ali, R., Blair, I., Grivna, M., ... El-Obaid, Y. (2013). An analysis of the health status of the United Arab Emirates: the Big 4public health issues. Global health action, 6(1), 20100. Blair, I., Sharif, A. A. (2012). Population structure and the burden of disease in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of epidemiology and global health, 2(2), 61-71. Sharif, A. A., Blair, I. (2011). The role of the hospital in the changing landscape of UAE health care: a focus on Dubai. World hospitals and health services: the official journal of the International Hospital Federation, 47(3), 11-13. Haddad, Y.Y. Esposito, J.L., eds (1998) Islam, Gender, and Social Change . Oxford University Press, New York. Abu Dhabi.Kasule, O.H. (n.d.) Rufaidah Bint Saad Historical Roots of the Nursing Profession in Islam. Available at: https://www.ir?.org/articles/articles_401_450/rufaidah_bint_sa.htm (accessed 19 March 2018) Kubar, P.A. et al. (2004) the meaningful retention strategy inventory. Journal of Nursing Administration, 34 (1), pp. 1018.Marrone, S.R. (2004) Marrone, S. R. (1999). Nursing in Saudi Arabia leadership development of a multicultural staff. Journal of Nursing Administration, 29(7/8), 9-11. Trident Press, London. Ohm, R. (2003) The African American experience in the Islamic faith. Public Health Nursing, 20 (6), pp. 478486. Community Health Assessment Assignment A well-designed and accurate portrait of a communitys health model is very necessary and can always help residents of a given locality, community groups, and even health practitioners to prioritize vital prevention activities and further build a faction to realize a change in addressing the already existing problems. There are some unique reasons as to why a community should access some of its well-being, such as severe economic environment that result in cost-effective medical care. We conducted a community health research of Dakota residents. According to our demographic survey, Dakota being the second largest populated county in Minnesota, a 2010 census result depicted the population to be 398,552. The population then rose steadily to 414,686 in 2015. Located on an area of1,520km, the main mode of transport is on land through roads. We were also able to observe other modes of transport for example we visited Grand folks airport and later on the Williston train terminus. There is a large network in the overall transport system of Dakota mainly contributed by the gradually increasing population. Physical environment of this particular city is more noticeable for its rolling prairies with lakes, small pond and a serene nature covered by extensive farming land (Shea, 2007). The people of Dakota, a Native American tribe compose of two of the three main subcultures that is Eastern and Western Dakota people. According to the Demographic data carried out in 2017-2018, the median age in this county is 35 for men and 38 for women. This study further showed that both formal groups (those created as per official authority) and the informal groups (formed by the employees) had different health environment because of difference in the mode of lifestyle common in each. From the Healthy People / Communities 2010 documents, we noted that different people with different health styles had diverse health conditions. The Dakota health assessment report published in 2014 updates area residents on matters regarding health problems that affect the quality of life and regarded as life threatening. This health assessment gives some of the most disturbing health concerns reported by the community residents, and audits some of the health threatening issues affecting the community. After analyzing the report, we did a quantitative and comparative analysis of the data and found that the most prevalent disease that resulted to high morbidity and mortality rate were cancer and communicable diseases in that order. The major health risk profile was largely contributed by the fact that most health institutions were heavily investing in research and technological advancements rather than providing the necessary drugs to patients (Kotecki, 2011). Therefore, it is important for scientists to first research for better components that are used in the manufacture of drugs in order to have strong medicine that gives no room for the human body system to mutate on such drugs after which technology advancements can be enhanced. This was then marked by a 2.7% decrease in functional ability levels in patients compared to the previous years. We gathered this particular information through informant interviews from patients who severed an ailment and received treatment in a durational span of two years. Throughout our interview process which we conducted with over 250 people, there were two health needs that were repeatedly identified. When asked, community of the health needs they thought should be the top priority, almost all participants unanimously identified access to health care as their major concern. It is only through reviewing of evidence-based and factual indicators endorsed by practitioners in chronic disease prevention, that the whole health of a community will be perfected. Due to health -care structure and the resource constraints from the demand created to preserve and enhance the local economy, and of such have made inevitability the mother of invention in North Dakota. Therefore, the key health care providers and legislators are busy trying to invent new methods of care and to implement better practices in a bid to save the ailing world (Bradford, 2013). Without working with a better strategic plan that can be used to solve the challenges experienced in the healthcare sector, the community will continue suffering from these life-threatening diseases. Moreover, joint campaigns to lobby for primary health care and the concept of a medical home are being realized since the government in support with other organization. This strategy can be achieved through cooperative netw orks of volunteers to co establish technology that coincides with the patients needs and makes healthcare access affordable without compromising the quality of health care. This move will greatly help the nation and its citizens to access quality and affordable healthcare without digging deep into their pockets or travelling overseas to seek for better health care services due to the misconception that theirs is far much better than ours is. Embracing of technology are some of the examples of how North Dakota can be able to provide its people with quality, efficient, and reliable healthcare regardless of the challenges in its rural setting. Top medical officials at MeritCare are ruminating on how incentives can be transformed from the commercial level to advance team cooperation among other healthcare providers and physicians.This however will greatly be propelled by the willingness and commitment of all stakeholders who have in the past created self-awareness and clarity through voluntary medical care in the community. Such articulate levels of participation, are frequently achieved through effective communication in all major departments (Osborn, 2012). Nationally, such programs as the CDM collaboration has been acknowledged as a model by the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association that facilitates participation through interaction and decision making hence aiding in conflict containment and accommodation of the overall health sector(ElHaddad, 2006)(McKenzie, Pinger, Kotecki, 2011). It should be recognized that health care is the cornerstone of any socialist country. It can be matched to a crown jewel that enables a country economy to continue growing because of the dependence on human capital. If more people in are ailing without proper healthcare services, it means that the country is losing almost half of its potential and this means that there is a huge lose in the economic growth. Bibliography McKenzie, J., Pinger, R., Kotecki, J. (2011). An introduction to community health. Burlington: Jones Bartlett Publisher. Backer, L. A. (2007). The medical home: an idea whose time has come... again. Family Practice Management, 14(8), 38. Davis, K., Schoenbaum, S. C., Audet, A. M. (2005). A 2020 vision of patient?centered primary care. Journal of general internal medicine, 20(10), 953-957. Schoen, C., Osborn, R., Doty, M. M., Bishop, M., Peugh, J., Murukutla, N. (2007). Toward higher-performance health systems: adults health care experiences in seven countries, 2007. Health Affairs, 26(6), w717-w734. Beal, A. C., Doty, M. M., Hernandez, S. E., Shea, K. K., Davis, K. (2007). Closing the divide: how medical homes promote equity in health care. New York, NY. Commonwealth Fund. Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Kansas Hospital Association, and Kansas Association of Local Health Departments (1995). Kansas Community Health Assessment Process Workbook. Topeka, KS: Kansas Department of Health and Environment. Schriner, K., Fawcett, S. (1988). Development and validation of a community concerns report method. Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 16. 306-316. Seekins, T., Fawcett, S. (1987). Effects of a poverty-clients' agenda on resource allocations by community decision makers. American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 15, No. 3. 305-320. Suarez de Balcazar, Y., Bradford, B., Fawcett, S. (1988). Common concerns of disabled AmFawcett, S., associates (1980). Concerns report handbook: Planning for community health. Lawrence, KS: Schiefelbusch Life Span Institute, University of Kansas. Fawcett, S., Muiu, C., Seekins, T., Whang, P., Fletcher, R., Hannah, T. (1982). A systematic method for identifying consumers' concerns about mental health institutions. Mental health and Mental Retardation Quarterly Digest, Volume1, No. 4. 1-4. Fawcett, S., Suarez de Balcazar, Y., Whang-Ramos, P., Seekins, T., Bradford, B., Mathews, R. (1988). The concerns report: Involving consumers in planning for rehabilitation and independent living services. American Rehabilitation, July-August-September. 17-19. Fawcett, S., Seekins, T., Whang, P., Muiu, C., Suarez de Balcazar, Y. (1982). Involving consumers in decision-making. Social Policy, Vol. 13, No. 2. 36 -41ericans: Issues and options. Social Policy, Vol. 19, No. 2. 29-35.

Innovation and Change in Business

Advantage of Internet Essays

Advantage of Internet Essays Advantage of Internet Paper Advantage of Internet Paper 1 Organic Chemistry 261(270, 271) Midterm-I Examination September 29, 2008 Name (print) ID No. Time: 50 minutes Total number of pages: 6 Answer all questions in the space provided. Question I. (15. 0) II. (14. 0) III. (14. 0) IV. (15. 0) V. (10. 0) Total (68. 0) Percentage Mark GOOD LUCK 2 (9. 0) 1. a) Write a Lewis structure for each of the following compounds showing any unshared electron pairs. b) Calculate the formal charge on each atom other than hydrogen. Be sure to show your calculations. a) CH3OH2 EC(c) = 1/2(8) = 4 FC(c) = 4- 4 = 0 H H H C O H H EC (O) = 1/2 (6) + 2 = 5 FC (O) = 6-5 = +1 b) (CH3)3CO H C H H H C C O HH C H c) (CH3)2O-BF3 H HH C F H H C O B F H F (6. 0) 2. H H Formal charge calculations for (b, c) as of part (a) Which resonance form in the following pairs would contribute more to the Hybrid (more stable)? Explain the reason for your choice. a) CH3CH CH CH OH CH3CH CH CH OH Carbon of the other structure do not meet the octet rule O CH3 More stable because of more covalent bonds O c) CH2 C CH3 CH2 O C CH3 Negative charge resides on more electronegative atom. O C NH2 b) CH3 C NH2 3 (8. ) II a) Write a dash formula for each of the following compounds showing any unshared electron pairs. b) predict the hybridization of the indicated atom in each molecule? a) CH3 CH N CH3 Answers: sp3 a) CH3 sp3 O b) CH3 C C C H sp2 sp2 sp3 CH N CH3 sp sp O C C C H sp2 sp2 b) CH3 sp3 sp c) CH3BeCH3 c) CH3BeCH3 sp3 d) BH4 d) BH4 (6. 0) 2. Which compound in each of the following pairs would have the higher boiling point? Explain a reason for your answer. a) CH3CH2CH2OH or CH3CH2OCH3 Alcohol, because of hydrogen bonding b) or O Ketone, because of dipole-dipole intractions c) N H or N CH3 Primary amine, because of hydrogen bonding 4 (8. 0) III 1. a) Draw structures of three alkyl bromide with the formula C4H9Br b) Classify each as to whether it is primary, secondary, or tertiary alkyl bromide. CH3CH2CH2 CH2Br primary CH3 CH3CH2 CHBr CH3 CH3 C Br tertiary CH3 (6. 0) 2. Write a condensed structural formula for each of the following compound. O seconday a) O (CH3)2CHCOCH(CH3)2 or (CH3)2CH C CH(CH3)3 b) NH CH3 CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2NHCH2CH3 or CH3CH2 H CHCH2NCH2CH3 OH OH CH2 CH2 CH CH CH CH CH3 c) 5 (15. 0) IV 1. Draw a structure for compounds that meet the following descriptions. a) Two amines with the formula C3H9N CH3CH2CH2NH2 and CH3NHCH2CH3 and Many other possibilities. b) Two ketones with the formula C5H10O O CH3CH2 and O CH2CH3 CH3 C CH2CH2CH3 C Many other possibilities. c) Two ethers with the formulas C4H8O O O and Many other possibilities. d) Draw bond-line structures of two cyclic compounds with molecular formula C4H8. e) Draw an isomer of CH3CH2CH2CH2C N CH3 CH3CHCH2C N with the same functional group. and one more possibility 6 (10. 0) V. What is the relationship between the members of the following pairs? That is, are they Stereoisomers, constitutional isomers, the same, or resonance structure. Explain the reason for your choice. CH3 CH a) CH2 CHCH2CH3 and H2C CH2 Answer: constitutional isomers same molecular formula, but different connectivity of atoms). b) NH2 and NH2 Answer: Resonance structures- (same connectivity of atoms, but different distribution of electrons. CH3 c) CH3 C CH3 CH3 Answer: different drawing of the same molecule , same Molecular formula or (CH3)3C CH3 d) H H3C C C CH3 H and H3C H C C CH3 H Answer: stereoisomers (cis-trans isomers) different location of atoms in space, but same molecular formula. 7 Periodic Table of the Elements 1 1 18 2 H 1. 00794 3 2 4 13 5 14 6 15 7 16 8 17 9 He 4. 002602 10 Li 6. 941 11 Be 9. 012182 12 B 10. 811 13 C 12. 0107 14 N 14. 0067 15 O S 32. 065 34 F Cl 35. 453 35 Ne Ar 39. 948 36 15. 9994 18. 9984032 20. 1797 16 17 18 Na 22. 989770 Mg 24. 3050 20 3 21 4 22 5 23 6 24 7 25 8 26 9 27 10 28 11 29 12 30 Al Sc 44. 95591 39 Si Ge 72. 64 50 P As 74. 92160 51 19 26. 981538 28. 0855 30. 973761 31 32 33 K 39. 0983 37 Ca 40. 078 38 Ti 47. 867 40 V 50. 9415 41 Cr Mo 95. 94 74 Mn Tc [97. 9072] 75 Fe 55. 845 44 Co 58. 9332 45 Ni 58. 6934 46 Cu 63. 546 47 Zn 65. 39 48 Ga 69. 723 49 Se 78. 96 52 Br 79. 904 53 Kr 83. 80 54 51. 9961 54. 938049 42 43 Rb 85. 678 55 Sr 87. 62 56 Y 88. 90585 57 Zr 91. 224 72 Nb 92. 90638 73 Ru 101. 07 76 Rh 102. 9055 77 Pd 106. 42 78 Ag 107. 8682 79 Cd 112. 411 80 In 114. 818 81 Sn 118. 71 82 Sb 121. 76 83 Te 127. 60 84 I At Xe Rn 126. 90447 131. 293 85 86 Cs Fr Ba Ra La * 138. 9055 89 Hf 178. 49 104 Ta 180. 9479 105 W 183. 84 106 Re 186. 207 107 Os 190. 23 108 Ir 192. 217 109 Pt Ds [281] 64 Au Rg [272] 65 Hg 200. 59 112 Tl 204. 3833 113 Pb 207. 2 114 Bi Po 132. 90545 137. 327 87 88 195. 078 196. 96655 110 111 208. 98038 [208. 9824] [209. 9871] [222. 0176] 115 116 117 118 Ac** Rf 58 Db 59 Sg 60 Bh 61 Hs [277] 62 Mt [268. 1388] 63 Uub [285] 66 Uut [285] 67 Uuq Uup Uuh [289] 68 [288] 69 [289] 70 71 [223. 0197] [226. 0254] [227. 0277] [261. 1088] [262. 1141] [266. 1219] [264. 12] * Ce ** Th Pr Pa Nd 144. 24 92 Pm [144. 9127] 93 Sm 150. 36 94 Eu 151. 964 95 Gd 157. 25 96 Tb 158. 92534 97 Dy 162. 50 98 Ho Es Er Fm Tm Md Yb 173. 04 102 Lu 174. 967 103 140. 116 140. 90765 90 91 164. 93032 167. 259 168. 93421 99 100 101 U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf No Lr 232. 0381 231. 03588 238. 02891 [237. 0482] [244. 0642] [243. 0614] [247. 0704] [247. 0703] [251. 0796] [252. 0830] [257. 0951] [258. 0984] [259. 1010] [262. 1097]

Marketing journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Marketing journal - Essay Example Normally surveys are conducted demographically to determine various segments of buyers according to age, sex, education, location and other factors. However this kind of division fails to highlight the motivation of the consumer and often marketing based on such results is disappointing. A good method of measuring this has been devised by SRIC-BI who has conducted psychological survey of thousands of consumers from every walk of life during 1987-92. They call it VALS. This survey attempts to analyze the inherent instincts or psychological traits of the consumer that have developed over his/her experiences and knowledge and have become the drivers of purchase decisions. This has provided an insight about why we buy. I undertook this seemingly incongruous survey that seemed simple and somewhat inconsequential. However the results highlighted my attitude and aptitude and I must admit that it was able to capture the essence of my personality. The survey categorized me into the segment called Thinkers. Under VALS terminology the three segmentations of consumers are determined by their motivation. These are Innovators, Thinkers and Survivors. The descriptions are indicative of their capabilities; the innovators are daring and will be easily induced to trying new products and experimenting with the unknown; the thinkers are conservatives but willing to try new products within the existing parameters of their attitudes and aptitudes; while the survivors are those who are practical and will make decisions only according to their means. Recently I decided to buy a laptop for use in my consulting profession. My requirements were that the product had to be easily portable, that would not fail at a critical moment, should be reasonably priced and, since it was a high-tech gadget, good and prompt after sales service should be available whenever and wherever needed.

Google Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Google - Essay Example For example, in the third quarter of 2007 alone, Google hired 2130 people to ensure that it had the best brains and the smartest people on board its corporate engine.(Dignan, 2007). As Dignan (2007) has pointed out, employment at Google is largely centred around work on the search engine and ad words; as a result a slow down in business, such as the current recessionary period, could affect the Company adversely. But the Company’s recruitment and HRM policies have been strongly focused on pulling in the best and smartest people into the organization, because of its recognition that innovation is the driving factor ensuring success in the IT business today. One of the reasons for Google’s spiraling success is its thrust on innovation and the belief that good ideas can, and should, come from anywhere.(Business Week, 2005). Engineers in the company are allowed a day off in a week to work on their pet projects and there is a high level of receptivity from the upper echelons of management to new and innovative ideas. By constantly staying on the cutting edge of innovation, the company has been able to sustain itself as the market leader through the development of new products and services. There is no strict hierarchical structure in place at Google and the corporate environment is characterized by informal networking, such that the CEO Eric Schmidt himself, is approachable to every employee, who is at liberty to pitch a new sales or networking/IT idea to him anytime. Google’s HRM policy is different from other organizations, characterized by the high level of informality and networking, which is a very successful business policy insofar as Google is concerned. Since the products and services in the IT business can be easily replicated by competitors who can put out their version of a product or service, the cutting edge in this business lies in the development of innovative new

Limitations and Requirements of ANOVA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Limitations and Requirements of ANOVA - Essay Example The samples’ variances should not be different though some departures can be accommodated. All individuals used in the samples must be selected randomly from the population. All individuals of the samples must have equal probability for being selected. The sizes of the sample should be equal but there is an allowance of some differences. One of the limitations of ANOVA is that, when a significant data difference cannot be found, the samples cannot be said to be the same. It only indicates differences between groups and not groups which are different. Normality assumes that the errors which are random within each group of treatment, the groups’ mean deviations, have a normal probability distribution. For normal data but variances which are heterogeneous, ANOVA is good for balanced designs but not for designs which are highly unbalanced. In normal data setting, heterogeneous variances and designs which are unbalanced, Welch’s ANOVA might be used for the accommodation of unequal variances. With variances which are homogenous but data which is non-normal, ANOVA is good for designs which are balanced with large samples. It is not good for unbalanced designs with small samples. In non-normal data setting, variances which are homogenous and a small sample or unbalanced design, a non-parametric procedure is preferred. If the distribution of data is not normal and heterogeneity of variances exist, there might be transformation necessity. The importance of a design which is balanced and existence of a large sample must be pu t into consideration. A common standard deviation is shared by all normal distributions. The different t-test options can be used around the equal variances assumptions or unequal variances assumption. The f-test, apart from being used to for t-tests, it can also be used to compare variations in two data sets in the CJ data. The test makes use of a calculated F stat

A review of Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

A review of Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity Kong Wei En (BP0711031415) Raymond Koh Chee How (BP0711031287) Jennie Lee Sheah Lin (BP0711031372) Prashanthini A/P Janardanan (BP0711031156) Hong Wei Siong (BP0711031194) Shalini A/P Shanmugavelu (BP0711031145) Introduction Xenobiotics are foreign chemicals in the body [1]. The human body has adapted processes collectively termed as biotransformation to excrete these xenobiotics [1,2]. Biotransformation generally occurs sequentially in two phases [1,2]. Phase I reactions add new functional groups to the parent compound while phase II reactions conjugate these new functional groups with polar groups [1,2]. The end-result of biotransformation is decreased lipid solubility, thus increasing renal excretion [1,2]. The liver is the chief site for biotransformation, [1,2]. Enzymes such as cytochrome P450 and peroxidase enzymes are responsible for biotransformation [3,4]. Occasionally, bioactivation occurs, in which the inert parent compound is modified into toxic metabolites [1,3,4]. The toxic metabolites are either electrophiles or free radicals, which interact with body tissues, subsequently causing toxicity [3,5]. Electrophiles Electrophiles are species deficient in electron pair generated through Phase 1 metabolism by CYP450 [5]. They are short-lived (with the possible exception of some acyl glucuronides) and not usually detectable in circulation [5]. Electrophiles can be generated from carbon, nitrogen or sulphur containing compounds [4]. The most frequently metabolised structural alerts are aromatic systems with electron-donating substituents and some five-membered heterocyclic [6]. Electrophiles cause toxicity through the formation of irreversible covalent bond to nucleophilic tissue components which includes macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids and lipids) or low molecular weight cellular constituents [4]. Covalent binding generates potent and long lasting toxic effects because the covalently modified enzyme/receptor is permanently inactivated [4]. The covalent binding to DNA leads to mutation, tissue necrosis, carcinogenicity and tumour formation [4]. Mutations arise when the electrophiles escape the repair mechanisms of the cell, may be fixed and passed to the progeny [4]. If the electrophiles bind to protein, they will disturb the physiological homeostasis, leading to cell death [7]. Examples of electrophiles include epoxide, hydroxylamines and aldehydes [4,5]. Free radicals Free radicals (species containing an odd number of electrons) may be cations, anions or neutral radicals [8]. Free radicals are generally formed via NADPH CYP450 reductase or other flavin containing reductases [8]. They provide toxicity by peroxidation of cellular components. An important class of free radicals is organic free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion [8]. The potential toxicity of free radicals is far greater than electrophiles [8]. Free radicals are able to produce chemical modifications and damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotides [9]. If the reactive free radical is formed close to DNA then it may produce a change in the structure resulting in a mutation or cytotoxicity [9]. Protein and non-protein thiol groups are readily oxidized by many free radicals and may lead to profound changes in enzyme activity [9]. Another major pathway of metabolic disturbances is depending on covalent binding with cell components such as protein, lipid and nucleic acid to from a stable covalently bound adduct that may grossly distort structure and function [9]. Reactive free radical may also damage cells through membrane damage [9]. Examples of free radicals include hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite [10]. Examples of drugs undergoing bioactivation and causing subsequent tissue toxicity Table 1: Several drugs, with their corresponding toxic metabolic pathways and the subsequent adverse effects. Drug Metabolic pathway Adverse effects Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol is first oxidised by CYP monooxygenase into its dichloromethyl moiety [11]. Hydrochloric acid is then eliminated to produce a reactive metabolite that interacts with the Æ -amino acid of a lysine residue in CYP monooxygenase [11]. The enzymatic reaction is eventually retards over time, leading to adverse effects [11]. Apalstic anemia [12] Bone marrow toxicity [12] Acetaminophen The reactive metabolite is called N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) [11]. Metabolic pathway 1: Acetaminophen undergoes N-oxidation to become N-hydroxyacetaminophen, which then undergoes dehydration to form NAPQI [11]. This pathway is probably uncommon as N-hydroxyacetaminophen is not a chief intermediate in the oxidation of acetaminophen [11]. Metabolic pathway 2: NAPQI undergoes a Michael-type addition with either glutathione or protein thiol groups [11]. Hepatotoxicity [11,12]. Tienilic acid Tienilic acid is oxidised by CYP2C9 to either thiophene sulfoxide or thiophene epoxide [11]. These electrophilic reactive intermediates alkylate CYP2C9, permanently binding themselves to the enzyme [11]. The enzyme is subsequently inactivated [11]. The body then produces anti-LKM2 autoantibodies against the native CYP2C9 enzyme and the modified CYP2C9 enzyme [11]. Immunoallergic hepatitis [11] Halothane Matabolic pathway 1: In hypoxic states, halothane undergoes reduction to produce the 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl free radical [11]. This free radical performs a radical attack, leading to the necrosis of hepatocytes [11]. The radical may also react with the Fe2+ in the CYP enzyme to form an iron ÏÆ'-alkyl complex [11]. This complex then causes the necrosis of the hepatocytes [11]. Metabolic pathway 2: Halothane undergoes oxidation to produce trifluoroacetyl chloride [11]. Liver proteins are then trifluoroacetylated on their Æ -NH2-lysyl residue [11]. This newly formed neoantigen evokes an immune response towards the liver [11]. Severe hepatitis [11] Valproic acid Valproic acid is metabolised by CYP2C9 into 2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid, also termed as Δ4VPA [11]. This metabolite can then undergo two pathways [11]. Metabolic pathway 1: CYP enzymes metabolize Δ4VPA into a reactive metabolite, which then proceeds to alkylate the prosthetic heme of the CYP enzymes [11]. Hence, the enzymes are inhibited [11]. Metabolic pathway 2: The Δ4VPA metabolite undergoes ÃŽ ²-oxidation to generate the Coenzyme A ester of 3-oxo-2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid [11]. This new metabolite alkylates the terminal enzyme of ÃŽ ²-oxidation (3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase) by a nucleophilic attack at the olefinic terminus [11]. Hepatotoxicity [11] Troglitazone Metabolic pathway 1: The thiazolidinedione ring undergoes oxidative cleavage to produce a reactive sulfoxide intermediate, which spontaneously opens its ring [11]. Metabolic pathway 2: The phenolic hydroxyl group of troglitazone undergoes a one-electron oxidation catalysed by CYP3A to produce an unstable hemiacetal, which spontaneously opens to form a quinine metabolite [11]. The quinine metabolite then undergoes the metabolic pathway described earlier (metabolic pathway 1) [11]. Metabolic pathway 3: The unstable hemiacetal produced in metabolic pathway 2 may undego hydrogen abstraction, resulting in the production of an o-quinone methide derivative [11]. Hepatic failure Death (due to hepatic failure) [11]. Part 2: Applications of Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity in Abacavir and Lidocaine Abacavir Abacavir (ABC) is an anti-HIV drug classified as a nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) [13]. ABC possesses a significant role in the treatment of HIV patients [13]. First, ABC is subjected to phase I oxidation to produce ABC-carboxylate, followed by phase II glucuronidation to generate the inactive glucuronide metabolite [13]. Both the glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites are chiefly eliminated in the urine [13]. ABC undergoes bioactivation to form reactive aldehyde metabolites [13]. ABC metabolism to ABC-carboxylate involves a two-step oxidation via an aldehyde intermediate (unconjugated ABC-aldehyde) which rapidly tautomerizes to the more stable conjugated ABC-aldehyde [13]. This reactive metabolite is capable of reacting with proteins to produce covalent adducts, which results in the occurrence of adverse effects [13]. The most prevalent acute ABC-induced adverse effects are the potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) that occur within the first 6 weeks of treatment [13]. ABC also possesses the potential to induce cardiotoxicity, which raised further concerns about the prolonged administration of this drug [13]. Lidocaine Lidocaine has been extensively used in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias [14]. It is also usually administered intravenously to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction [14]. Its chemical structure is an amide with an aromatic group [15]. Lidocaine is chiefly metabolized by the microsomal enzyme system in the liver [15]. The major biotransformation pathways are oxidation and hydroxylation [14]. Lidocaine undergoes oxidative N-deethylation to form the toxic mono-ethylglycinexylidide, which is then hydrolysed to 2,6-xylidine [14,15]. Finally, 2,6-xylidine is modified to 4-hydroxy-2,6-xylidine, which is excreted in urine [14]. Lidocaine also undergoes hydroxylation of the aromatic nitrogen to form N-hydroxylidocaine and the toxic N-hydroxymonoethylglycinexylidide [14]. The active and toxic metabolites known as mono-ethylglycinexylidide and N-hydroxymonoethylglycinexylidide primarily cause neural and cardiac toxicity [14,15]. Early signs of CNS intoxication include shivering, muscular twitching and tremors of the facial muscles [15]. As toxicity is low, it is safely and extensively used to treat arrhythmias [15]. Conclusion To eliminate xenobiotics from our body, processes collectively termed as biotransformation occurs in two phases. However, toxic metabolites (electrophiles or free radicals) may be produced in processes called bioactivation, which interact with body tissues and cause tissue toxicity. The bioactivation and subsequent adverse effects of abacavir and lidocaine has been discussed in detail. References [1] Rang H, Dale M, Ritter J. Rang Dales pharmacology. 7th Edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2011. [2] Dekant W. The role of biotransformation and bioactivation in toxicity. Springer. 2009; 57-86. [3] Walsh J, Miwa G. Bioactivation of drugs: risk and drug design. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology. 2011; 51: 145-67. [4] Brahmankar DM, Jaiswal SB. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics A Treatise. 2nd Edition. Vallabh Publications Prakashan; 2012. [5] Boyer T, Manns M, Sanyal A, Zakim D. Zakim and Boyers hepatology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier; 2012. [6] Walsh J, Miwa G. Bioactivation of drugs: risk and drug design. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology. 2011; 51: 145-67. [7] Ioannides C, Lewis DFV. Cytochromes P450 in the Bioactivation of Chemicals,Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2004; 4:1767-88. [8] Leon Shargel , Andrew Yu, Suzanna Wu-Pong. Applied Biopharmaceutics Pharmacokinetics. 6th ed. USA :McGraw Hill ; 2012. [9] Trevor F. Slater. Free-radical mechanisms in tissue injury. Biochem J. 1984 Aug 15;222(1):1-15. [10] V. Lobo, A. Patil, A. Phatak, N. Chandra. Free radicals and functional foods : impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010 Dec; 4(8): 118-26 [11] Wermuth CG, editor. The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry. 3rd edition. UK and USA: Elsevier Ltd.; 2008. [12] Nassar AF, Hollenberg PF, Scatina J, editors. Drug Metabolism Handbook: Concepts and Applications. New Jersey and Canada: John Wiley Sons, Inc.; 2009. [13] Griloa NM, Charneirab C, Pereiraa SA, et al. Bioactivation to an aldehyde metabolite-Possible role in the onset of toxicity induced by the anti-HIV drug abacavir. Toxicology Letters. 2014; 224: 416-23. [14] Collinsworth KA, Kalman SM, Harrison DC. The Clinical Pharmacology of Lidocaine as an Antiarrhythmic Drug. Circulation. 1974;50:1217-30. [15] Johansen Ø. Comparison of Articaine and Lidocaine used as Dental Local Anesthetics. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo; 2004. 25 p.

Thomas Becket :: Biography Biographies Essays

Thomas Becket    Thomas Becket during his life was a man of both honor and dishonor.   His decisions, principles, and character made certain aspects of his life honorable, and others dishonorable.   However, it is also extremely important to realize who Becket was honoring.   The three most relevant people he would honor during his life was himself, King Henry II, and God.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Many times during his life, Becket acted without honor.   For instance, when King Henry separated the church and state by making his power superior to the church's, Becket became his right-hand by becoming the Chancellor of England.   While Henry's moves were political and economic, Becket decision to join the king was based purely on allegiance and fidelity to the king.   Becket did not consider the consequences of what a split would do nor did he question and challenge the sanctimonious motives of the king.   Becket also showed a great dishonor to both God and the king when he wore both the Chancellor and Archbishop ring.   He could not possibly honor both, since the King's agenda did not coalesce with the will of God.   Thus he had a false honor to both.   Eventually, Becket made a choice to serve the honor of God above the king.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Becket was also a man of great honor.   He showed reverence to his king by being loyal and keeping his word when he had to give up the woman he loved to the king.   At this moment, he also honored himself by showing integrity and principle over emotional values.   While chancellor, he served faithfully by understanding his duty to the king and code of honor.   The one thing that proved Becket to be a man of true honor was when he humbled himself before the cross and God and vowed his loyalty to the one and only true leader.   After this point, Becket no longer acts to serve the king's honor, but God's because he realizes it is more righteous and rewarding.   Through this decision he chose how he would live for the remainder of his life.   He accepted his obligations as Archbishop of Canterbury and understood how he would inevitably be forced to oppose the king.   He sacrificed his own life by defending the kingdom of God and boldly chose to pursue God's w ill.   This occurs when he repudiates the king's order to renege on his excommunication decision.